What are the effects of Bacillus pumilus on the immune function of animals?

Bacillus pumilus has multiple positive effects on the immune function of animals, including the following:

Enhance non-specific immunity:

Stimulating macrophage activity: Bacillus pumilus can activate macrophages, enhance their phagocytic ability, and more effectively eliminate pathogens and foreign substances in the body. For example, research has found that Bacillus pumilus can induce M1 polarization in macrophages, increase their bactericidal function, and thus enhance the body's resistance to pathogens

Increasing the content of lysozyme: Lysozyme is an important non-specific immune factor that can destroy the cell wall of bacteria and play a bactericidal role. Bacillus pumilus can promote the production and release of lysozyme in animal bodies, enhancing the body's antibacterial ability. For example, Bacillus pumilus DX24 can increase the content of lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase activity in the body

Enhance mucosal barrier function: It can promote the growth and repair of intestinal mucosal cells, increase the integrity of the mucosal barrier, and prevent pathogen invasion. Bacillus pumilus can stimulate the immune system of animals, enhance the body's immunity, promote the growth and repair of intestinal mucosal cells, thereby improving the animal's ability to fight against pathogenic microorganisms

Regulating specific immunity:

Promoting lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation: Bacillus pumilus can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes in animal spleens, increase their proportion in immune organs, and enhance the body's specific immune response ability. For example, Bacillus cereus Pas38 can enhance the humoral immunity of broiler chickens, increase the levels of IL-2 and IFN - γ in the serum of the experimental group, reduce the levels of IL-4 and IL-10, and enhance cell phagocytosis, pro-inflammatory, antiviral and other functions

Increasing antibody levels: can promote the production of antibodies in animals, increase the content of IgG and other antibodies in serum, and enhance the body's immunity to specific pathogens. For example, Bacillus pumilus DX24 can increase the levels of IgG in the blood and sIgA in the jejunum of mice

Regulating the expression of immune related cytokines: Bacillus pumilus can regulate the expression of various immune related cytokines. For example, it can upregulate the expression of antibacterial activity genes such as NKL and GBP1, enhancing antibacterial activity; It can also downregulate the expression of inflammation related genes such as Prokr2, Ctgf, and Dmbt1, alleviating the inflammatory response

Maintaining gut microbiota balance:

Inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria: Bacillus pumilus indirectly enhances the immune function of animals by producing antibacterial substances such as antimicrobial peptides and enzymes, which inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine, reduce the risk of animal infection. Bacillus pumilus DX24 has inhibitory effects on Gram negative bacteria such as pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis

Promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria: During the process of growth and reproduction, it consumes oxygen in the intestine, creating a suitable growth environment for beneficial anaerobic microorganisms, promoting the large-scale reproduction of beneficial bacteria, maintaining the balance of intestinal microbiota, and thereby enhancing the immune function of intestinal mucosa